Nigeria Rights Guide
Hospital Refused Emergency Treatment in Nigeria — Your Rights
Every person in Nigeria has the right to emergency medical treatment under the National Health Act 2014. A hospital cannot turn you away or demand payment before treating a life-threatening emergency.
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Nigerian Law
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Direct Answer
Section 20 of the National Health Act 2014 prohibits any health establishment in Nigeria from refusing emergency treatment regardless of the patient's ability to pay. A hospital that denies emergency care is in breach of the Act and can be reported to the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN) and the National Human Rights Commission.
What the Law Says
Your Legal Foundation
National Health Act 2014
Section 20(1)
“A health establishment shall not refuse a person emergency health care services, which services shall include emergency care for all forms of injury or illness whether chronic or acute.”
National Health Act 2014
Section 20(2)
“Subject to available resources of the health establishment, a person shall not be denied emergency health care because he or she cannot pay for such services.”
Constitution of Nigeria 1999
Section 17(3)(d)
“The State shall direct its policy towards ensuring that there are adequate medical and health facilities for all persons.”
Common Questions
Frequently Asked Questions
Can a private hospital in Nigeria refuse emergency care?
No. The National Health Act applies to all health establishments — both public and private. A private hospital may not refuse to begin emergency stabilisation even if the patient cannot pay upfront.
What is the "cash and carry" problem and is it legal?
"Cash and carry" — demanding full payment before treatment — is illegal for emergencies under the National Health Act 2014. For non-emergency procedures, hospitals can require deposits. Report any hospital that applies "cash and carry" to a life-threatening emergency to the MDCN.
Can I sue a hospital that refused emergency treatment and my relative died?
Yes. You can file a medical negligence claim in the High Court and a complaint with the MDCN (for professional sanctions). Courts have awarded substantial damages in such cases. Consult a lawyer as soon as possible.
I cannot pay the hospital bill after emergency treatment — what happens?
Hospitals can pursue unpaid bills through civil courts but cannot withhold further treatment or discharge papers as leverage. Approach the hospital social worker about a payment plan. NHIA (National Health Insurance Authority) coverage may apply if you are enrolled.
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