The cornerstone US federal anti-discrimination law that prohibits employers from discriminating against employees or job applicants based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. § 2000e) applies to employers with 15 or more employees. It prohibits discrimination in hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, and any other term or condition of employment on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin. The Supreme Court extended Title VII to cover sexual orientation and gender identity in Bostock v. Clayton County (2020). The EEOC enforces Title VII — employees must file a charge within 180 days (or 300 days in states with their own agencies) before suing.
A qualified Black applicant is passed over for promotion in favour of a less-qualified white colleague, and has evidence of racially biased comments by the decision-maker. She files a Title VII charge with the EEOC within 180 days. After investigation and failed conciliation, the EEOC issues a right-to-sue letter and she files in federal court.
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