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IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)

IDEA guarantees US children with disabilities a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment. Schools must develop an Individualized Education Program (IEP) with parent participation.

Legal Definition

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq.) ensures that children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education (FAPE) that emphasises special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs. Key provisions: **IEP**: Every eligible child must have an Individualized Education Program — a written plan developed by a team including parents, teachers, and specialists — specifying the child's present levels, annual goals, services to be provided, and accommodations. **Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)**: Children with disabilities must be educated with non-disabled children to the maximum appropriate extent. **Eligibility**: Children aged 3–21 who have one of 13 disability categories (autism, learning disability, emotional disturbance, hearing/vision impairment, intellectual disability, etc.) that adversely affects educational performance. **Parental rights**: Parents must consent to evaluations and IEP placement; they can request independent educational evaluations; and they can request a due process hearing if they disagree with the school's decisions. **Procedural safeguards**: Schools must provide written notice of any proposed changes; parents can invoke mediation or due process hearing at no cost.

📖 Constitutional / Statutory Basis: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., IDEA 2004); 34 C.F.R. Parts 300 and 301

Practical Example

A parent believes her child's school is not providing the speech therapy services listed in the IEP. She files a state complaint with the state education agency. The state investigates and orders the district to provide the missing services and compensatory education.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an IEP and who is entitled to one in the US?
An Individualized Education Program is a written plan for a student with a disability, developed by a team (school, parents, specialists). Every student in a public school aged 3–21 who is determined eligible under one of IDEA's 13 disability categories is entitled to an IEP.
Can a parent disagree with the school's IEP decisions in the US?
Yes. Parents have robust rights under IDEA: to participate in IEP meetings, request independent evaluations at public expense, request mediation, or file for a due process hearing before an impartial hearing officer. If the hearing officer agrees with the parent, the school must implement the changes.

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